control strain e coli atcc 25922  (ATCC)

Journal: Comparative Immunology Reports

Article Title: The synthetic peptide GATR-3 shows significant antibacterial and biofilm-inhibition activity against shellfish- and oyster-associated bacteria Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus

doi: 10.1016/j.cirep.2025.200266

Figure Lengend Snippet: EC 50 results for Vibrio strains against GATR-3, LL-37-NH 2 , and Mastoparan-AF-NH 2 peptides. Vibrio vulnificus MO6 EC 50 results against A. GATR-3, B. LL-37-NH 2 , and C. Mastoparan-AF-NH 2 peptides. Vibrio vulnificus JY1701 EC 50 results against D. GATR-3, E. LL-37-NH 2 , and F. Mastoparan-AF-NH 2 peptides. Vibrio parahaemolyticus NY477 EC 50 results against G. GATR-3, H. LL-37-NH 2 , and I. Mastoparan-AF-NH 2 peptides. Vibrio parahaemolyticus SAK11 EC 50 results against J. GATR-3, K. LL-37-NH 2 , and L. Mastoparan-AF-NH 2 peptides. Escherichia coli EC 50 results against M. GATR-3, N. LL-37-NH 2 , and O. Mastoparan-AF-NH 2 peptides.

Article Snippet: Against the control strain E. coli ATCC 25922, GATR-3 was extremely potent, with an EC50 of 4.44 × 10−5 μM (1.27 × 10−4 μg/mL), confirming its broad-spectrum and potent efficacy.

Techniques:

Journal: Comparative Immunology Reports

Article Title: The synthetic peptide GATR-3 shows significant antibacterial and biofilm-inhibition activity against shellfish- and oyster-associated bacteria Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus

doi: 10.1016/j.cirep.2025.200266

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biofilm Formation of Vibrio isolates and E. coli . Quantitative comparison of biofilm formation among Vibrio isolates and E. coli after 24 h incubation. Biofilm biomass was determined by crystal violet staining and measurement of OD₆₀₀. V. vulnificus MO6 and V. parahaemolyticus NY477 exhibited the highest biofilm-forming capacities.

Article Snippet: Against the control strain E. coli ATCC 25922, GATR-3 was extremely potent, with an EC50 of 4.44 × 10−5 μM (1.27 × 10−4 μg/mL), confirming its broad-spectrum and potent efficacy.

Techniques: Comparison, Incubation, Staining

Journal: PLOS Pathogens

Article Title: Repurposing metformin as a dual-function agent to combat E. coli -induced mastitis: Mechanistic insights into biofilm dispersion and AMPK/SIRT1-mediated NF-κB inhibition

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1014012

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Distribution of bacterial species isolated from clinical mastitis milk samples. (B) The phylogenetic group distribution (A, B1, B2, D) among the 78 isolated E. coli strains, with group B1 being the most prevalent. (C) Antibiotic resistance profiles for the E. coli phylogroups against eight different antibiotics. (D) The detection rates of major antibiotic resistance genes (e.g., blaTEM, tetA, oqxA) across the E. coli phylogroups.

Article Snippet: The E. coli ATCC 25922 strain was used as the control strain, and the test results were then recorded as susceptible or resistant based on the zone diameter interpretative standards of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [ ].

Techniques: Isolation

Journal: PLOS Pathogens

Article Title: Repurposing metformin as a dual-function agent to combat E. coli -induced mastitis: Mechanistic insights into biofilm dispersion and AMPK/SIRT1-mediated NF-κB inhibition

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1014012

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Bacterial growth curves of E. coli B1, MRSA, and K. pneumoniae treated with a range of metformin concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 × MIC) (n = 3). (B) The bactericidal effect of metformin on E. coli B1 viability during the exponential growth phase (4h and 8h), determined by colony counting (n = 3). (C) The development of metformin resistance in E. coli B1 over a 26-day serial passage experiment. (D) Quantification of biofilm biomass by crystal violet staining (n = 3). (E) The number of viable bacteria (CFU) within pre-formed biofilms after treatment with metformin. (F) Microscopic analysis of biofilms: (a) Light microscopy images; (b) Visual appearance of crystal violet-stained biofilms; (c) LIVE/DEAD BacLight staining (green: live bacteria, red: dead bacteria) for bacteria in pre-formed biofilm; (d) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images showing the structural disintegration of E. coli in biofilms following metformin treatment. Results are expressed as means ± SEM (A, B, D). Bars with different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test).

Article Snippet: The E. coli ATCC 25922 strain was used as the control strain, and the test results were then recorded as susceptible or resistant based on the zone diameter interpretative standards of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [ ].

Techniques: Staining, Bacteria, Light Microscopy, Microscopy

Journal: PLOS Pathogens

Article Title: Repurposing metformin as a dual-function agent to combat E. coli -induced mastitis: Mechanistic insights into biofilm dispersion and AMPK/SIRT1-mediated NF-κB inhibition

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1014012

Figure Lengend Snippet: E.coli B1 was grown to the exponential phase (6h), then exposed to 8 mg/mL metformin for 4 h. (A) volcano plot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with a number of 1095 genes upregulated and 1148 genes downregulated. (B) GO enrichment analysis of DEGs, with significant terms related to membrane components and transporter activity. (C) KEGG pathway annotations analysis, showing significant downregulation in pathways including membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism. (D) qPCR validation of selected genes related to membrane integrity, metabolism, and stress responses (n = 3). The colors from dark to light indicate the downregulation or upregulation of relative gene expression levels.

Article Snippet: The E. coli ATCC 25922 strain was used as the control strain, and the test results were then recorded as susceptible or resistant based on the zone diameter interpretative standards of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [ ].

Techniques: Membrane, Activity Assay, Biomarker Discovery, Gene Expression

Journal: PLOS Pathogens

Article Title: Repurposing metformin as a dual-function agent to combat E. coli -induced mastitis: Mechanistic insights into biofilm dispersion and AMPK/SIRT1-mediated NF-κB inhibition

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1014012

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) The experimental timeline for intramammary infection and metformin treatment in sheep. Icons were obtained from the open-source repositories ( https://openclipart.org/ ). (B) The concentration of E. coli in the lactating sheep mammary gland was determined by plate coating (n = 5). (C) Plasma levels of SAA, CRP, and MDA (n = 5). (D) Histopathological and cellular analysis of mammary tissue: H&E staining, TUNEL staining, and immunofluorescence (tight junction integrity) (n = 5). (E) Comparison of AMPK, p65, and IL-6 protein expression in mammary tissue (n = 5). Results are expressed as means ± SEM. Bars with different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test).

Article Snippet: The E. coli ATCC 25922 strain was used as the control strain, and the test results were then recorded as susceptible or resistant based on the zone diameter interpretative standards of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [ ].

Techniques: Infection, Concentration Assay, Clinical Proteomics, Staining, TUNEL Assay, Immunofluorescence, Comparison, Expressing

Journal: PLOS Pathogens

Article Title: Repurposing metformin as a dual-function agent to combat E. coli -induced mastitis: Mechanistic insights into biofilm dispersion and AMPK/SIRT1-mediated NF-κB inhibition

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1014012

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) PCA analysis. (B) Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the E. coli -challenged (EC) and metformin-treated (EM) groups. (C) GO annotations analysis of DEGs, with significant terms in biological processes such as response to stimulus. (D) KEGG pathway analysis showing significant enrichment in immune and inflammatory pathways, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and IL-17 signaling pathway. (E) qPCR validation of key DEGs involved in inflammation ( Il1b , Tnf ), chemotaxis ( Cxcl8 ), and immune signaling ( Tlr4 , Nfkb1 , Nlrp3 ). Results are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 3). Bars with different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test).

Article Snippet: The E. coli ATCC 25922 strain was used as the control strain, and the test results were then recorded as susceptible or resistant based on the zone diameter interpretative standards of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [ ].

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Chemotaxis Assay

Journal: PLOS Pathogens

Article Title: Repurposing metformin as a dual-function agent to combat E. coli -induced mastitis: Mechanistic insights into biofilm dispersion and AMPK/SIRT1-mediated NF-κB inhibition

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1014012

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) NAD⁺ levels in mammary tissue, which were decreased by E. coli infection and restored by metformin treatment. (B) Western blot analysis showing that metformin reduces the infection-induced acetylation of p65, histone H3 (H3K14), and pan-acetylated proteins. (C) Schematic diagram of the promoter regions of the Tnf , Il6 , and Tlr4 genes, indicating NF-κB binding sites and restriction enzyme sites used for chromatin accessibility assay. (D) Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR analysis of NF-κB p65 binding to the promoters of pro-inflammatory genes ( Tnf , Il6 , and Tlr4) . (E) chromatin compaction assay measuring the accessibility of promoter regions. (F) Correlation analysis reveals a significant negative correlation between NF-κB binding abundance and chromatin compaction levels. Coefficients of correlation between the degree of chromatin compaction and percentage of NF-κB binding were analyzed using Pearson Correlations. Results are expressed as means ± SEM (B, D and E) (n = 5). Bars with different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test).

Article Snippet: The E. coli ATCC 25922 strain was used as the control strain, and the test results were then recorded as susceptible or resistant based on the zone diameter interpretative standards of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [ ].

Techniques: Infection, Western Blot, Binding Assay, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, ChIP-qPCR